Roles of Agroforestry in sustainable intensification of small farMs and food SEcurity for SocIetIes in West Africa.

          WP2 Socio-ecosystem services (co-leaders Clermont-Dauphin C. & Coulibaly P.)
 
Ecosystem services represent the contributions of ecosystems to human well-being (TEEB, 2010). They are classically expressed in terms of the spatial extent of the ecosystem, i.e. a tree and its immediate surroundings, or a park of unit size (ha). Some services may also emanate from non-spatial dimensions: for example, the contribution of the agro-ecosystem extends to the value chain of distribution of the agricultural product to the consumer's plate and contributes to well-being through the organoleptic and sanitary quality of the products (Le Coq et al., 2016). Likewise, a population of trees can provide information on the uses, and thus the provisioning services, of certain species better than observations of tree samples. the two are complementary.
The method for assessing the ES of the tree stock is based on two approaches:

• field surveys will provide information on reported uses and perceptions of the contribution of the park to local social well-being (services, disservices, trade-offs);

• inventories and biophysical observations in the parklands and the analysis of quantitative indicators of ecosystem services at several scales.

WP2 analyses, at different scales, the services provided by the parks according to the following entries:

• impacts of trees on crops (indirect provisioning services of trees), their yield and components of their yield ;

• direct provisioning services from trees (food, fodder, energy, wood, land security specialisations) ;

• impacts of trees on biodiversity habitat, etc. (support services)

• impacts of trees on water resources, radiation, fertility, carbon sequestration, etc. (regulating services)

 
Task 2.1 Multipurpose provisioning services
Food, energy, softwood lumber & timber pharmacopoeia, income, and their contribution to food security and farm income, energy and medicinal products;
 
Task 2.2 Supporting and regulating services
Biodiversity, biomass, water ressources, nutrients; bio-géochemical carbon, water and nutrient flows, micro-climate, and their dependence upon management practices ;
 
Task 2.3 Spatialization of the services at the landscape scale
Assessing at landscape scale the impacts of land use patterns on services